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Torreya State Park Established in 1930 by the Civilian Conservation Corp., Torreya State Park is best known for its highly endangered and endemic Torreya tree. However, the Torreya tree isn’t the only rare species that call this park home. Other rare species found here include Florida yew, ash magnolia, pyramid magnolia, fireback crayfish, and Apalachicola dusky salamanders. Since 2001 the park has been working on restoring an old sand pine plantation to a healthy and thriving longleaf pine and wiregrass ecosystem. Take a tour of the Gregory House, a relic of the pre-Civil War era. Go hiking on Torreya State Park’s 16 miles of challenging trails through the steep ravines. Bring your small craft, launch it at the boat ramp, and paddle on the gorgeous Apalachicola River. Bring your camera and photograph the numerous birds and wildlife because Torreya State Park is recognized as a Great Florida Birding and Wildlife Trail. Take some time to simply relax and enjoy the serene overlook of the river. Picnic areas with grills and tables provide the perfect spot for your outdoor meal. There is a playground for the kids. Service animals are welcome. Stay for a night or more to explore this beautiful park. Set up camp at the top of the “mountain” overlooking the Apalachicola River at one of the Rock Bluff Primitive Campsites. Make a reservation for the cracker cabin, yurt, or a campsite with hookups for your RV. The park is located in the panhandle in Bristol. Whether you spend a day or a week, Torreya State Park is a wonderfully unique park to explore and discover. For more information visit https://www.floridastateparks.org/park…/torreya-state-park. Photo Credit: Aymee Laurain

Painted Bunting   Painted Buntings, Passerina ciris, are a delight to see with their bright blue, green, red, and yellow feathers. Females and young buntings are a beautiful shade of green. There are two breeding populations of Painted Buntings. The western population in the south-central U.S. migrates to Central America. The eastern population that we will discuss here breeds in northeastern Florida eastern Georgia, and South Carolina before migrating to southern Florida and the Caribbean.   Painted Buntings breed in scrub habitats, hedges in yards, and on the edges of maritime hammocks. They prefer habitats with shrubs and trees that are semi-open. A mated pair will find dense foliage where the female will build a nest of woven foliage, including oak leaves, pine needles, bark, grasses, and Spanish moss. She will produce 1-3 broods yearly with 3-4 eggs. Incubation lasts 11-12 days. Males will fiercely defend their breeding territory.   Eastern breeders spend their winter in grassy/shrubby habitats where food is readily available. You may find them in small flocks or sharing their space with other seed-eating birds in South Florida.   These songbirds’ diets consist primarily of seeds except during the breeding season when their diets require mostly insects. Insects of choice include grasshoppers, caterpillars, wasps, flies, and beetles. Painted buntings forage seeds from grasses, spurge, sedge, St John’s Wort, and more. bark, grasses, and Spanish moss. She will produce 1-3 broods yearly with 3-4 eggs. Incubation lasts 11-12 days. Males will fiercely defend their breeding territory.   Painted Buntings will eat seeds from your bird feeder when you welcome them to your yard and provide low, dense vegetation.   Photo Credit: Andy Waldo and Lynn Marie

Eastern Gray Squirrels, Sciurus carolinensis, with their bushy tails are common sights throughout Florida. Look for them in the woods, in parks, and in your yard. Watch them as they chase each other through hardwood and mixed forests, in oak and hickory trees in parks and yards, and across streets. Their diet consists of seeds, acorns, buds, fruit, and insects. Watch as they hoard acorns, berries, seeds and bark to be retrieved late. Coexisting with squirrels requires us to be vigilant in keeping access to our attics sealed so that squirrels build their nests in the trees as nature intended. Watching them at our birdfeeder can be both frustrating and amusing. To keep your feeders for birds only, invest in a highly rated squirrel-proof feeder. #ConnectRespectCoexist Photo Credit: Dan Kon

The Gaudy sphinx, Eumorpha labruscae, is a common and vibrant green moth whose range is from Argentina to Canada. Host plants include muscadine grapes, Christmas bush, and other vines. Pupae climb down into the soil where metamorphosis takes place. They emerge as adults. Females release pheromones at night to attract males who follow the scent. Photo credit: Aymee Laurain

Florida Red-bellied Cooters, Pseudemys nelson, are found across the entire peninsula of Florida and into the southeastern part of Georgia. They were first classified as a separate species by Archie Carr in 1938. This is a large aquatic turtle with females reaching shell lengths of almost 15 inches. The males are smaller in size than the females and have elongated front nails that they use in courtship. They can be identified by the red blotches that extend up the carapace (top of the shell), a most often plain, reddish plastron (belly), and a notched upper beak. These cooters are herbivorous as sub-adults and adults but the juveniles will eat a wide variety of plants and small animals. They can be found in freshwater ponds, lakes, marshes, and very slow-moving rivers and streams. The turtles prefer slow water movement and heavy vegetation and will not be found in swift-moving rivers or waterways with low vegetation. Florida Red-bellied Cooters lay their eggs from May through August in well-draining soils close to freshwater. They have often been observed laying their eggs in alligator nest mounds. The average is about 14 eggs per clutch and the cooters can lay 3 to 6 clutches of eggs per year. The hatchlings look different than the adults, being greenish in color with yellow bars on the carapace. Many animals such as raccoons feed on the eggs. Natural predators for this species are numerous when the turtles are hatchlings. However, as they mature, few animals other than the alligator can penetrate the thick shells of the Florida Red-bellied Cooter. Photo Credit: Andy Waldo

The Mangrove Periwinkle   The Mangrove Periwinkle, Littoraria angulifera, has a small spiral shell that is commonly about 3 cm high (Hosein). Despite its colorful shell, this species of snail has a gray operculum. But its carapace is full of beautiful colors. The color pattern of the shell is a combination of green, orange, and yellow with black slanted markings. These markings decorate the shell from its opening to the top. Additionally, the 6 to 7 whorls that end in a pointed top give this snail an attractive look.   The mangrove periwinkle population spreads from South Florida to South America. They also inhabit the Caribbean Islands and spans in Africa from Senegal to Angola (Hosein). In these regions, the mangrove periwinkle, just like its name suggests, lives in mangrove areas. Here, juvenile periwinkles stay living near the tideline until they reach adulthood. After that, adult snails inhabit trunks, stems, roots, and leaves of mangroves trees.   The diet of this species consists of algae, fungi, and other plant materials, but this mollusk is also an important food source for various animals.   Works Cited: Hosein, Trent. “Littoraria Angulifera (Mangrove Periwinkle).” UWI: The Online Guide to the Animals of Trinidad and Tobago, 2015.   Photo Credit: Aymee Laurain Author: Steven Marquez – Student, Valencia College

Banded Garden Spiders, Argiope trifasciata, are large spiders native to North and South America. They produce webs throughout bushy areas. Females are larger than males who will construct a smaller web next to a female. Prey consists of larger insects such as wasps. Sometimes, webs are found with designs inside called stabilimenta. Many theories exist as to why stabilimenta are created but researchers have found the designs reduce the amount of prey caught in the web nut decrease potential damage to the web. Photo credit: Aymee Laurain

Big Shoals State Park boasts the only whitewater Class III rapids in Florida. Located In White Springs on S.E. County Road 135 in Hamilton County, this state park has a canoe and kayak launch on the shore of the blackwater Suwannee River. The upper portion of the river provides a year-round opportunity for paddlers. The water level which varies throughout the year determines if the shoals are safe to pass through. The Class III rapids occur when the Suwanne reaches 59-61 feet above mean sea level. Apalachee and Timucuan lived in the Big Shoals where they used limestone from a quarry to make tools essential for survival. In the early 1800s, European settlers forced most Native Americans out of Big Shoals. Throughout the years, the area was home to a scrub cattle ranch, a black seed cotton farm, and was later used for logging and turpentining. Today, you can still see the scars on the bark of Longleaf pines from catstripping to reach the turpentine. Later the White Springs hotel and bathhouse were built for guests to take advantage of White Springs which was first cherished by Native Americans for their healing properties. The springs dried up in 1990. Between 1986 and 1989, land including Big Shoals was purchased through a joint agreement between the state of Florida, the Suwannee River Water Management District, and the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. Today, Big Shoals State Park is part of the Great Florida Birding Trail. Big Shoals State Park has 28 miles of trails waiting to be explored. Hike, bike, or horseback ride while discovering the wildlife and wild plants that thrive there. Trails include a mountain bike trail and the 3.4-mile-long Woodpecker Trail which is a multipurpose paved trail. Be sure to hike the mile-long shaded Big Shoals Trail. The trail will lead you through the forest to limestone bluffs 80 feet above the Suwannee River. Enjoy the breath-taking view of the Big Shoals as the Suwannee rushes over agatized corals and limestone. Bring your camera and/or binoculars. Look for greenfly orchids and magnolia trees. Watch for Swallow-tailed kites, bald eagles, and hawks soaring overhead. Wood ducks, herons, egrets, and other wading birds visit or make their homes near the water. Listen for owls and a diverse assortment of songbirds. Bring your dinner and enjoy it at the picnic pavilion. Pets on a 6-foot leash are welcome. Be sure to stay until sunset to see hundreds of Mexican free-tailed bats fly out of the bat house. For more information click here: https://www.floridastateparks.org/…/big-shoals-state-park Photo Credit: Bobby Putnam

The Northern crab spider, Mecaphesa asperata, can be found throughout central and north America and the Caribbean. These little spiders use flowers to camouflage themselves and will prey on insects visiting flowers such as aphids, spider mites, moths, aphids, bees, wasps, and flies. Females lay eggs in the folds of some leaves and will guard the eggs by remaining nearby. Photo credit: Aymee Laurain

Southern Plains Bumblebees, Bombus fraternus, are found from New Jersey south to Central Florida and from the eastern coast to the Rocky Mountains. Females are typically smaller than males with the exception of the queen. Males can be distinguished by the two bands across the abdomen. These bees are active from spring through fall. They feed on a variety of native flowers including goldenrod, blazing stars, milkweed, and flowers within the Asteraceae family. Southern Plains Bumblebees are endangered. The greatest threat to this species is declining habitat. By adding native flowering plants to your landscape, you can help create a habitat for this declining species. Photo credit: Aymee Laurain

Silver Garden Orbweavers, Argiope argentata, are arachnids that are commonly found in yards, gardens, and parks. Look for them waiting in the center of their intricate web, head down, for a meal of insects including mosquitos. Look closely and you may find a Dewdrop Spider sharing the web. Females are larger at up to 3 inches with legs spread out and more striking in color. After mating, they will kill and sometimes eat the male Photo Credit: Dan Kon

Great White Sharks, Carcharodon carcharias, are the largest predatory fish that inhabit Earth. They can grow to 20 feet and weigh more than 2.5 tons. These endothermic (warm-blooded) fish are found in cool and tropical coastal waters around the world and have been tracked crossing entire oceans. Great White Sharks migrate across wider geographic areas than any other marine animal and have been tracked swimming from Newfoundland to Florida. This sleek grey shark gets its name from its white underbelly. They can travel at speeds up to 15 miles per hour and breach the surface when preying on a food source at the edge of the water. Great White Sharks are carnivores. Their good sense of smell and ability to sense an animal’s electromagnetic field helps to locate their prey. Food consists of small fish, sea birds, seals, sea lions, and whales. Their 300 triangular teeth make it easy to hold their prey and rip it apart before swallowing the pieces whole. Researchers have learned that Great White Sharks are social animals. The scientists observed single sharks making a kill and sharing their meal with others. Humans are not on the Great White Shark’s menu. While some humans have been severely injured or killed, these incidents are extremely rare. It is now known that Great White Sharks will take a taste and quickly learn that humans are not suitable prey. Females are larger than males and give birth to live young. During gestation, the mother does not feed her unborn via a placenta. Instead, she provides her young with unfertilized eggs. The new sharks are born as natural predators and will begin eating coastal fish immediately. There is no accurate population count of Great White Sharks. They are currently listed as Vulnerable (VU A2bd) on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature’s Red List of Threatened Species. Threats include getting caught in fishing nets, inshore habitat degradation, and overfishing. Unfortunately, Great White Shark jaws and fins are often considered commodities. Killing Great White Sharks can be considered an achievement by unknowing or uncaring humans. Every animal has an important role in our ecosystems. Refuse to buy animals parts. Educate other people about the importance of respecting Great White Sharks and why we need to peacefully coexist with them. Photo Credit: Creative Commons ~Elias Levy References: National Geographic Oceana Marine Bio

The Poisonwood tree (Metopium Toxiferum) is a medium-sized (25-35 feet tall) tree that only grows in South Florida but it is also native to most of the Caribbean. The color of the bark can have more than two colors, ranging from yellows and oranges to reds and browns. However, a primary characteristic of the poisonwood tree trunk is black blotches formed by urushiol resin that has oxidized. The flowering season occurs all year long, but its peak is during the spring season. The poisonwood grows female and male flowers on separate trees. The female flowers produce oblong orange fruits that serve as food for many types of birds including the endangered white-crowned pigeon. Nevertheless, the poisonwood tree is part of the family of the poison oak and contains oleoresin urushiol, the same skin-irritating compound that puts the poison in poison ivy. The toxin of the poisonwood tree is so toxic that standing under its leaves during a rainy day can cause irritation and rashes on human skin. All of us need to be capable of identifying this tree during visits to the park or when going hiking to the beautiful natural places of South Florida and the Florida Keys. Photo Credit: Dan Kon Author: Steven Marquez – Student, Valencia College Work Cited: Wild South Florida. “Poisonwood.” Wild South Florida 10/15/2021

Great Blue Skimmers, Libellula vibrans, are found in forested wetlands, swamps, and near lakes and ponds where still or slow-moving shallow water is present. These are large dragonflies that measure 2.3 inches and are often called King Skimmers. The bodies of adult male Great Blue Skimmers are blue while the female’s body is brown. After fertilization, females pick up a drop of water to help eggs stay on the shore. Once the larvae hatch, they return to the water where they develop into adults. Photo Credit Ted Koran

Weedon Island Preserve is a natural and cultural gem in St Petersburg on Tampa Bay. Comprised mostly of marine aquatic and coastal ecosystems, with a few upland exceptions. It is home to many native plants and animals, a rich cultural history, and an educational facility. The native peoples lived at this site for thousands of years. Much of the preserve contains mosquito ditches constructed in the 1950s. These ditches help connect sitting pools of water to larger bodies, allowing predatory fish to feed off mosquito larvae rather than use pesticides in the area. Currently, the Preserve preserves this land’s unique natural and diverse cultural heritages. This can be found in the Educational Center and the preserve. Today, Weedon Island Preserve is set aside as a 3,190-acre natural area managed by Pinellas County. The largest estuarine preserve in Pinellas County is well known for its birding and fishing. The preserve provides over 4.5 miles of nature trails for hiking, 2 miles of boardwalks and paved trails that are ADA accessible, and the remaining 2.7 miles are natural trail loops. At the end of the Tower Trail sits the observation tower and at 45-foot-tall, it is the tallest of its kind in Pinellas County. You can see most of the preserve, Tampa, and St Petersburg if the conditions are right! If you are tired of walking on land and want to spend time on the water, you are in luck! Weedon Island also includes a 4-mile, self-guided canoeing/kayaking loop called the South Paddling Trail. Meandering through mangrove tunnels and out to the bay. If you don’t have your own vessel, no worries; a company on site provides tours that take you through the maze of mangrove tunnels. Other activities include fishing from the pier, a boat launch at the end of the road, and picnicking at any designated picnic tables provided through the park and trails. Don’t forget to check the Weedon Island Preserve Cultural and Natural History Center to learn about the natural history of the ancient native inhabitants of the area. Check the schedule of events because not only does Pinellas County sponsor events, UF/IFAS Extension agents also provide a wide variety of educational programs and events for the general public that are family-friendly and often free of charge. Monthly programs may include guided hikes, archaeology classes, speaker series, photography or birding meet-ups, and environmental sustainability workshops. Amenities: Educational Center Wildlife Viewing Lookout Tower Information Kiosk Guided Tours and Trails Exhibits Fishing Pier Paddling Launch and Rentals Parking Area Restrooms Interpretive Signage Nature Trails, sand Picnic Area Seating Area, Pavilion Bathrooms Learning Center Address: 1800 Weedon Drive Northeast, St. Petersburg, Florida 33702 For more information: http://www.weedonislandpreserve.org/ Photo Credit: Aymee Laurain Author and Photo Credit: Bobby Putnam  

The Scarlet-bodied wasp moth, Cosmosoma myrodora, is a stunning moth found throughout Florida and coastal areas in the southeastern U.S. Males have filament containing pouches on the abdomen called flocculence. During mating the male will hover over the female and discharge the flocculence, creating a net over her before attempting to mate. These flocculence’s are a visible white. The larvae emerge from the eggs appearing as tiny white hair-covered caterpillars. These hairs are called setae and help form the cocoon. Cocoons are constructed under leaves and are mesh-like balls. Larvae feed on native hempvines. Adult males feed on dogfennel and pass the toxin, pyrrolizidine alkaloids, obtained from the plant to females during courtship as a way to protect eggs from predation. Some parasites are still able to get past these defenses. These include Hyphantrophaga sellersi and Tetrastichinae parasitoids. Photo credit: Aymee Laurain

Texas Vervain, Verbena halei, is also known as Texas verbena, or slender verbena. It is a wildflower native to much of the southern US including Florida. Lavender-blue blooms appear on the slender branches that can reach 2 1/2 feet tall. Look for Texas Vervain in fields, sandy soils, woodlands, pastures, and roadsides. Large numbers of native bees are attracted to its flowers. Cardinals and sparrows eat the seeds of this perennial shrub. The butterfly-attracting Texas Vervain is a great option for xeriscaping. It loves the Florida sun, thrives in dry soil, and is drought tolerant. Propagation is by seed or root division. Photo Credit: Aymee Laurain

Black Water Creek meanders through the Seminole State Forest in Lake County. Only canoeing, kayaking, and standup paddleboarding are permitted. The launch point lies within the Forest and has a picnic table where you can refuel before heading out or after a day of paddling. Be sure to call Seminole State Forest for a pass to launch. Black Water Creek is 19 miles long and flows into the Wekiva River. Numerous small streams and springs, including Moccasin Spring pictured here, flow into Black Water Creek. The waterway gets its name from the undisturbed dark tannic water. The stream is narrow and the canopy of trees will help shade you from the hot Florida sun. As part of the Wekiva Wild and Scenic River System and the Great Florida Birding and Wildlife Trail, Black Water Creek provides the opportunity to view plenty of wildlife. Because this is truly wild Florida, remain quiet and you are sure to see otters, ibises, turtles, and alligators. Look for a variety of wading birds, migratory birds, and the endangered Florida Scrub-Jay. Perhaps a Florida Black Bears bear will wander along the creek as you paddle along. For more information click here: https://www.fdacs.gov/Forest-Wildfire/Our-Forests/State-Forests/Seminole-State-Forest Photo Credit: Gabrielle Milch

Fulvous Whistling-Ducks, Dendrocygna bicolor, are found year-round in rice fields in central Florida. Look for them in flooded pastures, irrigated lands, ponds, lakes, freshwater marshes, slow-moving rivers, and freshwater wetlands. Once known as the Fulvous Tree Duck, these birds roost in the trees of forested areas next to their water source. They may flock with Black-bellied Whistling-Ducks. As winter approaches, watch for them to appear in greater numbers in freshwater marshes and wetlands. These striking caramel and black ducks with their oversized bluish-gray legs forage in water that is less than 20 inches deep. Dinner consists of mostly seeds from aquatic plants and some invertebrates. Fulvous Whistling-Ducks can be seen wading or swimming while foraging by diving, tipping up, or dabbling to find food with their bills. Their thick bills are made to filter the food from the mud. You may also find them plucking an insect from vegetation for a tasty snack. In mid-April, Fulvous Whistling-Ducks leave their flocks to begin the mating season. Mated pairs are bonded for years and sometimes for life, although the males may sometimes mate with more than one female. Together, the male and female choose the nest site in a dense marsh above the water or on the ground near the water. They build the nest by weaving stalks and grasses into a 14-inch bowl shape that is 4.3 inches deep. Most include a ramp to the water. The clutch size is 2 – 14 eggs and the female and male share the task of incubation for 24 – 25 days. Although the young leave the nest soon after hatching, instinctually know how to swim and dive as well as forage., both parents look after them until they fledge two months later. Photo Credit: Dan Kon

Moonflowers, Convolvulaceae, are vines that grow to 40 feet. Native throughout Central and South Florida, these perennials are found in disturbed wetlands as well as on the edges of mangroves and lakes. The aromatic white flowers are pollinated by moths and bloom in the summer and through early fall. Moonflowers can be a wonderful addition to your garden. Plant by a trellis or in an area where you can control the vine. Purchase your seeds from the Florida Wildflowers Growers Cooperative or plant runners from an existing vine in sandy or loamy soils. Plant a Moonflower vine and at the end of the day enjoy the fragrant blooms that stay open throughout the night.

The Great White Heron, Ardea herodias occidentalis, is a wading bird that can only be found in South Florida and The Florida Keys. It is the largest heron. Whether the Great White Heron is a color morph, a subspecies of the Great Blue Heron, or a new species is a topic that is still being researched. However, it has been commonly accepted that this Florida native bird is a subspecies of the Great Blue Heron. Both birds share similar characteristics. The Great White Heron is a larger bird with solid white feathers and yellow legs, while the Great Blue Heron is a smaller bird with blue-gray feathers and black legs. Great White Herons can be distinguished from the Great White Egrets by their larger size, yellow legs vs black legs of the Great White Egret, thicker bills, and coiled neck when flying. The nesting habitat of the Great White Heron is primarily located in the Great White Heron National Wildlife Refuge and Key West National Wildlife Refuge. About 800–1,300 pairs of Great White Herons breed in the mangrove islands, shoals, and mudflats of Florida Bay and the Florida Keys. Breeding rarely takes place on the mainland of Florida. Nesting occurs throughout the year and peaks between December to February. Great White Herons forage in turtle grass beds. The tidal cycle limits their access to food because they can only reach it at low tide. The Great White Heron’s habitat has also been negatively impacted by boat traffic through these seagrass beds. Because they inhabit a small geographic area, pollution of their home range and habitat loss caused by human activities, as well as climate change contribute to the ongoing threats to Great White Herons. Photo Credit: Dan Kon

Wakulla Springs State Park Edward Ball Wakulla Springs State Park boasts the world’s largest and deepest freshwater springs. It may be most famous for the movies Tarzan’s Secret Treasure (1941) and Creature from the Black Lagoon (1954) that were filmed in the park. Wakulla Springs State Park is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is designated as a National Natural Landmark. It is located just south of Tallahassee in Wakulla County. Stop by the Visitor Center to access an interpretive display where you will learn the history of the park from Paleolithic times until today. Observe cave diagrams, learn about the indigenous people who first inhabited the land, the men and women who resided or visited there, Edward Ball whom the park is named after, and the wildlife who live there today. Saunter along the 9 mile Nature Trail, the 1.4 mile Cherokee Sink Trail, or the Bob Rose Trail. Bike or take a guided bike tour on the Cherokee Sink Trail and the Nature Trail. Discover the animals and plants that thrive in the cool waters when you enjoy swimming, snorkeling, scuba diving, or cave diving. For the more daring, jump or dive from the 22-foot observation tower/dive into the 70* spring. Bring a blanket to the beach and sit for a while at the shore or under the shade of a cypress tree. Explore Southern hardwood forests. maple-cypress habitats, an upland hardwood forest, pine forests, 80-foot-deep sinkhole lake, and ancient cypress swamps. Bring your camera. Watch for resident and migratory wading birds and songbirds including cedar waxwings, phoebes, and chimney swifts. Look for white-tailed deer, bears, alligators, manatees, and more. Marvel at the variety of wildflowers including terrestrial and epiphytic orchids. Bring your picnic and enjoy your lunch at one of the provided tables. A playground is nearby. View Wakulla Spring while dining in the Edward Ball Dining Room where breakfast, lunch, and dinner are served. Be sure to stop by the Soda Fountain for an old-fashioned malt or milkshake on the world’s longest marble countertop. Rooms are available at the historic 1930’s Spanish-style Wakulla Springs Lodge. Plan your reunion or wedding at this popular park. Three conference rooms are available for events, meetings, and retreats. Well-behaved pets are welcome in designated areas while on a 6-foot leash. Edward Ball Wakulla Springs State Park is wheelchair accessible and offers wheelchair access to riverboats, access to a manual wheelchair upon request, accessible picnic shelters, and accessible benches. For more information: https://www.floridastateparks.org/WakullaSprings Photo Credit: Bobby Putnam

Sanderlings, Calidris alba, are chubby little sandpipers that grow to only 7 or 8 inches, weigh 1.5 to 3 .5 ounces, and have a wingspan of up to 13.8 inches. Sanderlings breed in the arctic tundra and migrate to the southern United States and South America in the fall where they spend their winters. Non-breeding adults may choose to avoid the long flight to the arctic and spend their summers in the hotter climates. Look for Sanderlings foraging on Florida’s beaches and sometimes in mudflats. These shorebirds use their little black legs to run fast to snatch up prey when the tide recedes and run away as the tide rolls in. Their black beaks are perfect for plucking aquatic invertebrates, most often sand crabs, from the sand. Sanderlings also dine on small mollusks, insects, worms, grasses, seeds, and human junk food. Sadly, Sanderlings are listed as a species of high concern by the Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network due to declining populations. Threats include the development and alteration of shoreline habitats, pesticide pollution, and oil spills. Sanderlings are fierce defenders of their feeding grounds. Humans can be fierce defenders of their feeding grounds too. Participate in beach cleanups, leave nothing behind when you visit a beach and advocate for the preservation of Sanderling’s natural habitat. Photo Credit: David Gale

Prothonotary Warbler The radiant golden Prothonotary Warbler, Protonotaria citrea, is a delight to see as it hops among the low branches in the dark understories of shaded swamps. It has bluish-gray wings and tail, white under the tail, olive-yellow back, and black beady eyes. Females are a bit paler than males. Prothonotary Warblers, also known as swamp warblers, breed in swamps, flooded forests, and woods near lakes and streams. They are one of only two warblers who build their nests in abandoned chickadee and woodpecker holes. Courtship begins in April when the males arrive in Florida. After quite a display of courtship, the male will place moss in the nesting cavity. The female will build the nest of leaves, bark, and moss before incubating 3 – 7 eggs for 12 -14 days. Both parents feed the young for 9- 10 days when they are ready to leave the nest. Prothonotary Warblers produce 1 – 3 broods each year. Aquatic insects make up most of the warblers’ diet. Prothonotary Warblers forage on shores and above standing or slow-moving water. They also dine on spiders and insects including butterflies, beetles, flies, caterpillars, grasshoppers, ants, as well as seeds and fruit. Migration begins in early fall to their winter homes in Central or northern South America. Prothonotary Warblers are a species of concern. Their population is declining due to the loss and alteration of forested wetlands. Snakes and raccoons are nest predators. Restoring forested wetlands where natural flooding occurs has proven successful in increasing populations. Nest boxes with predator guards protect the eggs from predators. Connect. Respect. Coexist. Photo Credit: Paul Waller

The Polyphemus moth, Antheraea polyphemus, is a giant silk moth that can be found from Mexico to southern Canada and in every US state except Nevada and Arizona. The moth’s wingspan measures 4 – 6 inches. Colors vary and include gray, tan, and brown with shades of red, yellow, and pink. Polyphemus moths have large eyespots on their hind wings and were named after Polyphemus, the giant cyclops from Greek mythology with a large eye in the middle of his forehead. The male’s (pink pictured) antennae are bushier than the female’s (tan pictured) antennae.   Females produce 2 broods each year. In Florida, newly emerged Polyphemus moths can be found year-round. Because of their vestigial mouthparts, they cannot eat. A newly emerged female will release a pheromone to attract a male. The dating game lasts throughout the night with the most activity a few hours before sunrise. The pair will remain coupled all day before separating at sunset. For the next several nights, the female will lay single eggs in groups of two or three on a leaf of an oak tree or other desirable host tree.   Look for these moths near man-made light sources. Of concern is the Polyphemus moth’s attraction to mercury vapor lights that may distract them from mating, thus impacting their populations in cities and neighborhoods. (Worth and Muller 1979)   Photo Credit: David Gale (pink) Photo Credit: Erin James (tan)

Florida Scrub Lizard Found only in Florida, the Florida scrub lizard, Sceloporus woodi, is only found in scrub ecosystems in the peninsula of Florida. Its range is fragmented, comprised of 3 main populations. One population is in the center of the peninsula, mostly along the Lake Wales Ridge in Putnam, Lake, Marion, Orange, Osceola, Polk, and Highlands counties. The second is in the Ocala National Forest which contains the most habitat for this species. The third area is along the east coast from Brevard County south to Miami-Dade County. This last population has been shrunk down to now only extending south to Palm Beach County due to loss of habitat. There was a 4th population that occurred on the gulf coast in Lee and Collier Counties, but that population has been extirpated due to loss of habitat. The last time an individual was sighted in that area was in 1994. Florida scrub lizards are habitat specialists. They require open scrub with large areas of bare sand, but also trees and shrubs to provide shade during the heat of the day. Scrub rosemary inhibits other plant growth that provides this open area. Fire also helps to keep the scrub open for this species, as well as many others. A loss of suitable habitat due to fire suppression as well as development is the number one threat to Florida scrub lizards. While not officially protected, this species has been under review and while not listed as threatened or endangered, without protections given the ecosystems they inhabit, their populations will continue to decline. This is a small, insect-eating species that only grows to about 5 inches. It is one of two species in Florida of the genus Sceloporus, the other being the eastern fence lizard. While these two species look similar and have overlapping ranges in Florida, the Florida scrub lizard can be distinguished by the solid brown stripe running laterally down the lizard. The males will have an unmarked back and a blue belly. Females will sometimes have a slight bluish hue to their bellies, but nothing like the bright blue of the male. Due to the fragmented populations and extremely limited ability for the species to disperse, the different populations contain a high degree of genetic diversity from each other. This fact has to be taken into account with any management plans for the species. In 2019, 100 lizards from Martin County were relocated to the Hypoluxo Scrub Natural Area in central Palm Beach County. This area is 23 miles south of their current range in the Atlantic coast population. When in scrub areas in their range, keep your eye out for this beautiful Florida resident! Photo Credit: Andy Waldo

Just south of Tallahassee lies a little historic state park waiting to be explored. San Marcos de Apalache Historic State Park was established as a state park in 1964, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966, and is a National Historic Landmark and National Engineering Landmark. The flags flying over San Marcos de Apalache Historic State Park welcome you and are a reminder of those who came before you. Saunter along the self-guided .33 mile interpretive trail through the historic ruins. Look for today’s wild residents including pelicans, anhingas, cormorants, seagulls, ospreys, great blue herons, turtles, sea turtles, manatees, otters, squirrels, and more. Be sure to make time to visit the museum where you will learn about the history and importance of San Marcos de Apalache Historic State Park located on the Wakulla and St. Marks River junction. First settled by the Apalachee who lived in farming communities, the area later became a trading route. Over the years two military forts and a federal marine hospital were built. Hernando de Soto, Spanish explorers, Britains, pirates, Confederate soldiers, and General Andrew Jackson are just some of the people who have lived at San Marcos or occupied a fort. Enjoy your meal in the picnic area complete with grills and tables. For more information about this Historic State Park located in St. Marks, Wakulla County click here: https://www.floridastateparks.org/…/san-marcos-de… Photo Credit: Bobby Putnam

The Northern Shoveler, Spatula clypeata, is a wide-ranging duck species and a winter resident of Florida. After spending the summer months breeding in the west-central part of the United States running north all the way up to Alaska, Northern shovelers move south as winter approaches. But they don’t just occur in the Americas. This duck can be found across Europe and Asia, and winter down into Africa and India. The males are strikingly colored, with green heads similar to a mallard, orange bodies, and a white chest. The females are mottled brown, similar to female mallards. But there is no mistaking these for mallards. One look at their large, flat, spoon-like bill immediately gives them away. And it’s that very bill that allows them to feed. These ducks feed on tiny zooplankton and other small invertebrates and seeds. They sweep their head back and forth, filtering the water with tiny projections called lamellae. These lamellae work like a colander to sift out their food from the water. Oftentimes, you may observe large groups of shovelers swimming rapidly in a circle. This behavior creates a vortex that stirs food up from deeper waters allowing the group to feed. The Northern Shoveler is one of the most common duck species found in the US. With populations over 5 million, it only trails mallards and blue wing teals for overall abundance. Found in shallow wetlands and marshes, in Florida, you can enjoy these visitors throughout the winter. They can be easily seen in places such as Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge, Lake Apopka Wildlife Drive, and many other easy-to-access wetlands. As the weather begins to cool, head out and enjoy this species, as well as all the other birds who come down to visit us during the winter months. Photo Credit: Andy Waldo

The Grass Pink Orchid, Calopogon tuberosus, is the most common Florida native orchid. The 2″ magenta blooms are hard to miss. Less often the petals are light pink or white. Discover these bog plants in open wet areas such as prairies, pine forests, and even along the side of a road. The Grass Pink Orchid attracts insects with tufts of bright yellow hairs that mimic the stamens and pistils of other flowers. When a pollinator lands on the lip that holds the tuft, the lip will bend down to the center column where the insect will have access to the pollen. Grass Pink Orchids make a stunning addition to your garden. Plant them in full to partial sun where the soil is moist or in pots. Photo Credit: Andy Waldo

Common Green Darners, (Anax junius), are found throughout Florida. These large dragonflies are easily recognizable with their bright green coloring and iridescent wings. Juveniles with purple abdomens grow into females who have green abdomens or males with blue abdomens. Males have an eyespot on their head that gives the appearance of a cyclops. Look for Common Green Darners near water sources in the wild or in your yard. They are somewhat migratory and breed in the Southern US, including Florida, in fall and early winter. Females deposit one egg at a time into the stem of an underwater plant. Juveniles, known as Naiads, are born. They look like tiny lobsters and spend their days underwater where they dine on tadpoles and insects before moving to dry land and growing into an adult. Common Green Darners prey on bees, wasps, butterflies, and midges. Perhaps the best reason to encourage them to visit your yard is they will help control the mosquito population. Photo Credit: Dan Kon

Peninsula Cooters, Pseudemys peninsularis, are found throughout Florida in slow-moving streams and rivers, in marshes, swamps, and lakes. Discover these turtles soaking up the sun alone or in groups on a log or the bank. Peninsula Cooters grow to about 15″. They love water with sandy bottoms near vegetation. Males eat aquatic invertebrates while females mostly enjoy the aquatic vegetation. Photo Credit: Andy Waldo

The Northern Mockingbird, Mimus polyglottos, is best known for its ability to copy the sounds of 50 -60 other birds. Mimus polyglottos means “many-tongued mimic” in Latin. Recent studies indicate that mocking birds can mimic the sounds of frogs, music, auto horns and alarms, and machinery. These amazing birds can learn up to 200 songs and will serenade you all day and all night long. Look for mockingbirds in open grassy areas, near shrubs, and singing on a fence or from a high spot such as a utility pole. Mockingbirds eat insects such as ants, wasps, butterflies, and grasshoppers. Fruit is a favorite food in the fall and winter. Both the male and female build the nest in trees or shrubs. Female mocking birds lay 2-6 eggs two or three times each year. Mockingbirds are extremely defensive of their territory. They will swoop at humans, cats, birds, and other mockingbirds who get too close to their nests. Florida was so enamored by this native songbird that it designated the Northern Mockingbird as the official state bird in 1927. Attract this bird to your yard by planting fruiting shrubs or trees. Photo Credit: Dan Kon

Florida banded watersnake, Nerodia fasciata, is a non-venomous, native species of snake found from the coastal areas of the Carolinas, down throughout Florida, and west to Texas. The watersnake will be more heavily patterned as a juvenile and often become more brown or black with age. The adults range from 2 to 4 feet in length and are primarily fish and frog eaters. They are active most often at night but can be seen basking during the day. They inhabit areas with shallow, slow-moving freshwater such as ponds, lakes, ditches, and retention ponds. The females give birth to live young, numbering from 3-80 babies at a time! Animals such as frogs, fish, alligators, raccoons, opossums, birds, and other carnivorous mammals feed on the Florida watersnake. Frequently mistaken for the far less common cottonmouth (also known as water moccasin), they are often killed by humans out of fear. If you have one of these native residents too close to your home, spray them with a garden hose to get them to leave. To keep snakes away from your house, remove brush and debris that provide them cover as well as provide homes for their food. There are no effective snake repellents available so if you do not want them near your home, the best thing to do is to keep the area around your house clean and tidy. That way, we all can coexist together! Photo Credit: Andy Waldo

Florida harvester ants, Pogonomyrmex badius, are reddish-brown and are easily spotted atop their nests in sandy soils. Their nests can be found in open woodlands, gardens, and lawns. The ants move about once a year and build a new subterranean nest that can be up to 6.5 feet deep. Florida Harvester ants are polymorphic which means they are more than one size. The Major worker has quite a large head but is not any more aggressive than the minor workers. Each nest has one queen and an abundance of and minority workers. Harvester ants mate in May and swarm from June through Oct with the most swarms occurring in August and September. Harvester Ants gather seeds from the ground and plants. They rely on the sun and odor trails to find their way back to the nest. After husking the seeds and discarding the waste in a midden near the entrance of the nest, the seeds are stored in grainery chambers within the nest. Favorite seeds include evening primrose, pokeweed, and red clover. Although not aggressive, as with any animal, Florida harvester ants will defend themselves. Because they inject poison into their aggressor, their stings are more painful and last longer than the stings of most other ants. #ConnectRespectCoexist Photo Credit: Andy Waldo

Lake Apopka: A History Lesson on Eutrophication Eutrophication occurs when excessive nutrients build up in waterways such as rivers, lakes, and streams. This creates

Eutrophication occurs when excessive nutrients build up in waterways such as rivers, lakes, and streams. This creates

The Glossy Ibis, Plegadis falcinellus, is a native wading bird found year-round in Florida. Look for them in freshwater and saltwater marshes, swamps, ponds, lakes, mangroves, and flooded fields. Ibises wade in shallow water where they probe the mud for prey with their long beaks or snatch insects from the water’s surface. Food consists of dragonflies, crayfish, snails, crabs, fish, frogs, lizards, snakes, and more. Glossy Ibises nest in colonies low in willows and other shrubs, on the ground, or in trees and shrubs near marshes or mangroves. The couple builds the nest and the female lays 3 – 4 eggs. The parents feed the young by regurgitation. From a distance, Glossy Ibises appear dark. The sunlight will bring out the bronze, metallic green, and purple shades in the plumage. Photo Credit: Dan Kon and Andy Waldo

IOF’s manatee biofacts and information about manatees are on display at Orange County’s North Library in Apopka on State Rt 436.

Check out our Florida black bear display going on through October 4th at the Orange County Dr. Phillips Library.

Red-winged Blackbirds, Agelaius phoeniceus, are common throughout Florida. Male Red-winged Blackbirds are black and have a beautiful yellow-tipped red shoulder patch. Females are brownish with white streaks and have a tinge of yellow/orange around their beaks. Look for Red-winged blackbirds foraging on the ground in marshes, wet fields, swamps, and near other water sources. While 75% of their diet consists of seeds found on the ground or in shrubs, the birds also dine on insects such as spiders, grasshoppers, caterpillars, beetles, and millipedes. They may occasionally enjoy a berry or small fruit. A loose colony of Red-winged blackbirds forms in wetlands where breeding takes place. A male may have more than one female in his territory, Together with other birds from the colony, he will aggressively defend the nest from larger birds. The female builds a nest in the marsh of cattails, reeds, leaves, and grass. She lays 3-4 eggs and incubates them for 10 – 12 days. The hatchlings are fed by both parents before they leave the nest at 11-14 days old. Photo Credit: Andy Waldo

Indian Blanket, Gaillardia-pulchella, is also commonly known as a Firewheel. Indian Blanket flowers are members of the Aster family, grow to 1.5 feet tall and 2 feet wide, and are considered a short-lived perennial or an annual in Florida. The Indian Blanket can often be spotted near Florida’s coasts on dry land. Since the early 1700s, this flower has been planted along roadsides much to the delight of Floridians and tourists. A study done by Marlowe & Hufford in 2007 showed the DNA from the Indian Blanket was similar to those found in the more western species. More recent research by Weakley et al. 2020 has shown more evidence that it was likely cultivated rather than naturally spread. The bright orange, red, and yellow flowers of the Indian Blanket make a beautiful addition to your garden. Butterflies, bees, and wasps are attracted to its pollen. Titmice, chickadees, and warblers enjoy the seeds. Once the flowers dry up, gather seeds by deadheading the plant. Indian Blankets are dormant in the winter. Photo Credit: Aymee Laurain

Ebony Jewelwing Dameselfies, Calopteryx maculata (Beauvois) are most often seen near slow moving streams. Both males and females have iridescent green bodies. The males wings are dark and the females wings are bronze colored with at white spot on the edge of the foreweings. They are large dameselflies that grow to 2.25 – 3 inches and have wingspans of 1.5 – 2.25 inches . Female Ebony Jewelwings lay their egss on aquatic debris that forms a raft or dam in a stream. The naiads or juvemiles hatcht and feed on small aquatic prey. The naids are preyed on by frogs, fish, and birds. Adult Ebony Jewelwings are prey for frogs, fish, spiders, birds and the larger dragonflies. Look for this damselfly that is endemic to eastern North America in Florida as far south as Brevard County on the eastcoast and Desoto County on the west coast. Ebony Jewelwings often rest on branches or leaves where their iridescent bodies shimmer in the sunlight. Photo Credit: Dan Kon

Indo-Pacific Gecko Many of you may have seen these little brown lizards scurrying around the lights outside of your house at night. But did you know that this little girl holds an amazing secret? She is an Indo-Pacific Gecko, Hemidactylus garnotii, and she, like all of her sisters, is parthenogenic! As her name implies, this little Indo-Pacific gecko is not native to Florida, but instead is from southeast Asia. But, its ability to hide out in shipping containers and its unique reproductive strategy has made it easy for this species to spread. Parthenogenesis is a natural form of asexual reproduction where the embryo is able to develop without the introduction of a sperm cell. There are several different types of parthenogenic reproduction, but let’s look at this little gecko species specifically. Indo-Pacific geckos are all female and reproduce by apomictic parthenogenesis. This means egg cells develop directly into embryos and are genetic clones of the mother. In Indo-Pacific geckos, the method of reproduction is via obligate parthenogenesis. This means this species reproduces entirely through asexual means. So, since this species can spread with a single individual, it’s no wonder they have become such a widespread species. The earliest known specimen was found in Florida in 1963 and arrived through cargo shipments. They can be found over much of the state, but seem to be found mostly around man-made structures. The impacts of this non-native species are unknown at this time. There are several species of gecko in Florida that are also non-native, and look similar to the Indo-Pacific gecko, the most common of these is the Mediterranean gecko. The Indo-Pacific Gecko can be identified by its smooth skin, toe pads, and orange color under the tail. In the images, you can see two eggs developing in this female right through her skin! They are insectivores and will hang around your porch lights at night in hopes of catching an easy meal. They have many predators in Florida. Snakes, large frogs, birds, and other nocturnal lizard eaters all make this gecko part of their diet. Photo Credit: Andy Waldo

The elusive American mink, Mustela vison, is a Florida native. Like otters, they are members of the weasel family and therefore, fiercely carnivorous. Dinner consists of fish, snakes, crabs, crayfish, frogs, insects, and small mammals. Minks are smaller than otters, weigh up to 4 pounds, and are only 1 – 2.5 feet long. Minks are semi-aquatic animals that live in marshes and along the banks of rivers and streams. They have been spotted in salt marshes near the northern Atlantic and Gulf coasts. The Everglades mink, Neovison vison, is state-designated as threatened. They have been documented in freshwater and saltwater marshes in the southern Everglades, Fakahatchee Strand, and Big Cypress Swamp. There have been no current sightings of mink in the freshwater habitats of northern and central Florida. In the spring, female minks give birth in their dens of hollowed-out logs or under protective tree roots. The 3-6 kits open their eyes at 25 days, are weaned at 5-6 weeks, and stay with their mother until fall. Bobcats, great-horned owls, and foxes prey on mink. Life expectancy is only 3 years. However, humans are the biggest threat to minks. In addition to hunting mink for oil, fur, and to assure a large fish population in human fishing areas, humans have reduced the minks’ habitat and polluted the waters that supply their food. Minks are fast and incredibly adept at staying out of the sight of humans. Because they hunt in the late evening, during the night, and early mornings, sightings are rare. FWC biologists are seeking help from the public to track mink distribution in Florida. If you see a mink, please report your sighting here: https://public.myfwc.com/hsc/weasel/Default.aspx Photo Credit: JayStatonPhotography.com

The American sycamore, Platanus occidentalis, is a beautiful tree that grows 100 – 170 feet tall with a diameter of 3-14 feet. Its bark is white at first but turns brown as it grows. As the tree ages, the scales fall away and reveal the whitish-green bark beneath. Its distinctive leaves and green globe-shaped fruit make it easy to recognize. Songbirds dine on the seeds. Sycamore trees are native from southern Canada to northern Florida. However, the tree has been planted far south of its range in Florida. The tree pictured in these images is located at Lake Lily in Central Florida. Sycamore trees are known for their hurricane resistance and the ability of their intertwining root system to stabilize erosion. This makes them perfect specimens to plant in parks near waterways. The trees also tolerate acidic soils and as a result, they have been planted at phosphate mining sites. Before planting this beautiful shade tree in your yard, consider the height as well as the debris from falling bark and fruit. Photo credit: Dan Kon

Mead Botanical Garden is well-known as a wedding and private event venue in Central Florida. The trails and boardwalks through several of Florida’s ecosystems are not to be overlooked. Saunter through a longleaf pine forest, through a riparian area, and over the wetlands along the creek. Land for the botanical garden was originally purchased by friends as a memorial to Theodore Mead, a world-renowned horticulturist. Mead Botanical Garden was dedicated and opened to the public on January 14, 1940. Over the next several years, more land was donated, an outdoor amphitheater was built, and students and scouts used the trails to learn about Florida’s unique ecosystems. By 1988, the Garden had fallen into disrepair. Winter Park residents sprung into action to save their beloved Garden. Today Mead Botanical Garden is maintained by the City of Winter Park’s Parks and Recreation Department with help from volunteer organizations and citizen volunteers. Discover the many native species that thrive there and the wildlife who make their homes at Mead Garden. Look for turtles, raptors, butterflies, hummingbirds, and wading birds. Marvel at the many wildflowers including marsh fleabane, beautyberries, and Mexican primrose. Invasive species and other plants that do not support wildlife are being replaced with native species. Bring your picnic lunch and enjoy a day at Mead Botanical Garden. Click here for more information about Mead Garden, events, and activities: https://www.meadgarden.org/ Photo Credit: Dan Kon

Great Blue Herons, Ardea herodias, are one of the most recognizable birds in Florida. The heron’s height and beautiful blue-gray plumage are hard to miss. They can reach 54 inches from head to tail, have a wingspan up to 75 inches, but weigh a mere 5-6 pounds. You will most often find a Great Blue Heron standing alone at the water’s edge in saltwater or freshwater habitats. Fish, turtles, frogs, insects, birds, and rodents that pass within the area of the heron’s long neck are quickly snatched up by its powerful, long beak. Herons will also forage in fields or grasslands for frogs, birds, and small rodents. During the breeding season, Great Blue Herons and their mates become part of a breeding colony that can include hundreds of pairs. Breeding colonies of Great Blue Herons are most often found in trees that are within 2-4 miles of their feeding areas. They may also be seen in mangroves, bushes, or on the ground. Males court females who lay 2-6 eggs. The couple shares the responsibility of incubating the eggs for up to a month and feeding the hatchlings for up to 3 months. While Great Blue Heron’s remain mostly monogamous and enjoy the protection of the colony during the breeding season, for the rest of the year, they are solitary birds and will aggressively defend their feeding territory. Photo Credit: Dan Kon and Andy Waldo

Black Swallowtail (Eastern) Eastern Black Swallowtails, Papilio polyxenes, are also known as American swallowtails. They are commonly found throughout Florida in gardens, along the sides of roads, in pastures, and in parks. Three or more generations are produced each year. A female black swallowtail lays a single yellow egg on a host plant in the carrot family. The caterpillar is green with black stripes and yellow spots. If parsley or dill was chosen as the host plant, the hungry parsley caterpillar will devour the plant in your garden. Photo credit: Nancy Kon

Florida has many wildflower test sites along roadsides. In the panhandle, including near I10, you can see miles of these sites. These photos were taken off the side of the road in Live Oak, FL. The projects are part of Florida’s roadside plantings and highway beautification programs by the Florida Department of Transportation. The area has a total of eight planting districts throughout the state, each with different plant species for those areas. These sites serve two major goals; to increase pollinator populations and diversity and to produce native vegetation that negates the need for mowing. The projects were also found to increase safety (Norcini 2014) and provide a great benefit through carbon sequestration (Harrison 2014). Finally, they add the beauty of true Florida that everyone can enjoy. Have you seen any roadside wildflower sites? Tell us about them in the comments. Photo credits: Aymee Laurain

Rock pigeons, Columba livia, are one of the most recognizable birds in Florida. They can be seen walking on the ground foraging for seeds and grains in wild areas. You may even find them eating a berry or an insect. In residential areas, including cities, these pigeons will dine on human food that has been abandoned. They will often visit birdfeeders. Colors vary immensely in these birds found year-round in Florida. Their nests made of sticks are most often found in sheltered human-made structures such as barns, bridges, warehouses, and attics. Rock pigeons lay 1 or 2 eggs up to six times each year. However, the North American Breeding Bird Survey found their population declined by 46% between 1966 and 2015. Rock pigeons can carry bird mites which will bite humans, wildlife, and livestock. When preparing food outside and pigeons are present, take extra care to avoid Salmonella bacteria. Fun Facts: Charles Darwin compared wild pigeons to the pigeons he kept. His observations helped him develop the theory of evolution. Pigeons use magnetic fields, the sun’s position, and smell to find their way home. The U.S. Army Signal Corps used these talented navigators to carry strategic and life-saving messages during World War I and II. Photo Credit: Dan Kon

Downy Woodpecker At only 5.5-6.7 inches, the Downy woodpecker, Dryobates pubescens, is North America’s smallest woodpecker species. These common black and white birds are year-round residents of Florida. Males have a red tuft on their heads. Look for them in forests where deciduous trees are plentiful, in city parks, and shade trees in your yard. Listen for their shrill calls and rapping on tree trunks and limbs. In the spring, pair of Downy Woodpeckers will drill a 1-1.5 inch hole in a dead tree trunk or dead limb and line it with woodchips. The pair will take turns incubating 3-8 eggs for about 12 days. Both parents share the responsibility of feeding the chicks bills full of insects for up to three weeks. Downy Woodpeckers feed on insects including ants, beetles, beetle larvae, and caterpillars. About 25% of the diet consists of berries, seeds, grain, and acorns. You may find Downy Woodpeckers snacking at your bird feeder. Suet is their favorite treat although they also like black sunflower seeds, chunky peanut butter, peanuts, millet, and occasionally may enjoy a drink from your hummingbird feeder. Photo Credit: Dan Kon, Lynn Marie

Eastern Copperheads, Agkistrodon contortrix, are beautiful snakes that are most often found in wet forested areas. Copperheads are thick-bodied and adults grow to 22-36 inches long. Their alternating light and dark colors provide extraordinary camouflage on the forest floor. Meals consist of lizards, amphibians, insects, birds, small mammals, and other snakes. In the spring, male Copperheads will travel long distances to find a mate. Females give birth to 7-20 live young in the summer. The little ones, who are born with a color pattern like their parents, wiggle their bright yellow tails to attract lizards and frogs for a tasty meal. Copperheads are venomous snakes. Like all snakes, they only strike out at humans when they are defending themselves. Watch your step. Because they are masters at camouflage, Copperheads can easily be stepped upon. Luckily, the venom is not very potent and deaths are rare. However, if you are bitten by a Copperhead, be sure to seek medical attention immediately. Fun Fact: Copperheads are pit vipers. A pit viper senses small temperature changes in its surroundings. This allows it to strike out with accuracy at the perceived danger or prey. Map: UF IFAS Extension University of Florida Photo Credit: Dan Kon

Spurred Butterfly Pea, Fabaceae (Leguminosae) is a native climbing or twining vine that grows up to 6 feet long. Look for this perennial in the wild throughout Florida in a variety of places including in sandhills, pinelands, and coastal plains. Butterfly Pea is dormant in the winter and pinkish-purple flowers appear from spring through fall in most of Florida. In the southern counties, it blooms all year-round. Long-tailed skippers and northern cloudywings rely on the Butterfly pea for a host plant. Because it adapts to many soils, Butterfly Pea can be a wonderful addition to your butterfly garden. Train it to climb a fence or use it as a ground cover. It propagates by seed and thrives in part shade or full sun. Photo Credit ~Dan Kon – The Blue Hole Big Pine Key

The Seaside Dragonlet, Erythrodiplax berenice, is the only North American dragonfly that breeds in saltwater. Native to Florida, these small dragonflies can be found in mangrove swamps, salt marshes, and coastal strands throughout Florida. Adult males are a dusty dark blue, juveniles are yellow and black, and adult females’ color varies. Seaside Dragonlets dine on other insects and can be seen year-round near Florida’s coasts. Photo Credit: Dan Kon

Zebra Swallowtail Butterflies, Protographium Marcellus, can be found in scrubs, along waterways and roadsides, and near forests, With a wingspan of 2 1/2 to 4 inches, prominent black and white zebra stripes, long black tails bordered with white, and a red median stripe, these beautiful native butterflies are hard to miss. Consider planting the butterfly’s larval host plant, a Pappaw tree, in your garden to attract Zebra Swallowtail Butterflies to your outdoor space. Photo Credit: Dan Kon

The Yellow-bellied Sapsucker, Sphyrapicus varius, is the only North American woodpecker that is fully migratory. They live and breed in North-eastern U.S. and Canada and spend their winters between the southern US and Central America. The male has a red throat as pictured here while the female’s throat is white. From December – March, you may notice a line of holes in the trees and large shrubs in your garden. A Yellow-bellied Sapsucker has made sapwells where the sap of the tree can be harvested. Bats and other birds may visit the sapwells too. The holes produce no damage to the trees. The woodpecker’s favorite shrubs and trees include Viburnum, Waxmyrtle, Dahoon Holly, Live Oak, and Pine. When they are not licking up the tree sap, Yellow-bellied Sapsuckers will eat insects that are climbing up the tree, caught in the sap, or flying through the air as well as berries and fruits. Photo Credit: Andy Waldo

Bahia Honda State Park, located at mile marker 37 in the Florida Keys, is made up of over 500 acres and an offshore island that is waiting for you to explore. Henry Flagler’s historic Overseas Railroad is a stark reminder of the 1937 Category 5 Labor Day Hurricane. Bahia Honda State Park is best known for its beaches, Calusa and Sandspur Beach. Favorite water activities include snorkeling, swimming, and scuba diving. Canoeing, kayaking, and boating are popular with easy access to both the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. Watch for sea turtles and bottle-nosed dolphins. Snorkeling tours offer the opportunity to explore the sea life at Looe Key National Marine Sanctuary. Look for starfish, spiny lobsters, queen conchs, and nurse sharks. Saunter along the nature trail that leads you to the Old Bahia Honda Bridge. Enjoy the view while you admire herons, egrets, and ibises. A 3-1/2 mile hard surface road runs the length of Bahia Honda and is a perfect way to enjoy the park on your bicycle. Bring your lunch and eat at a picnic area with a grill. Leashed pets are allowed in very limited areas. For those who want to take a few days to experience all that Bahia Honda State Park has to offer, campsites are available for tents and RVs. There are six furnished cabins that accommodate 6 people in each. Be sure to stay for stargazing. Bahia Honda Key is the darkest location in the Florida Keys. For more information: https://www.floridastateparks.org/bahiahonda/ Photo Credit: Dan, Nancy, and Christian Kon

Stop and smell the Rose-rush! Rose-rush, Lygodesmia aphylla, blooms before sunrise and lasts until nightfall. The lavender, pink, or white flowers appear on this perennial that can grow up to 3 feet tall and nearly 6 feet wide. Look for Rose-rush in dry, sandy soils such as scrub. Pollinators love this native plant. Seeds are easily collected from wilted flower heads so Rose-rush plants are available for your native wildflower garden.

The Viceroy Butterfly, Limenitis archippus, is often mistaken for a Monarch Butterfly. While they both have the same orange and black colors, the Viceroy butterfly has a black line across its tailwings. In northern Florida, Viceroy butterflies are an orange color like Monarch butterflies. In southern Florida, Viceroy butterflies are a darker orange similar to Queen butterflies. Birds do not like the taste of Viceroys, Monarchs or Queens. The host plants for Viceroy butterflies are willow trees. Explore meadows, alongside ponds and streams, swamps, roadside run-off ditches, and other wet areas where willows are present. Adult Viceroys have a wingspan of 2 1/2 to 3 inches. Females lay a single green egg on the tip of a willow leaf . Fun Fact: Viceroys and Monarchs mimic each other. Mullerian mimicry occurs when 2 species evolve to resemble each other in color for protection from predators. In this case, neither butterfly is a tasty meal for birds, therefore, together they contribute to the survival of both species. – Ritland 1991, Ritland & Brower 1991 Photo Credit: Andy Waldo

River Otters, Lontra canadensis, are members of the weasel family. They can be found in a variety of freshwater bodies including rivers, creeks, swamps, marshes, ponds, and lakes throughout Florida with the exception of The Keys. Otters love riparian areas where they can make their burrows under tree roots on a bank and slide into the water for a tasty dinner of fish, crustaceans, reptiles, and amphibians. They also dine on insects, birds, and small mammals. River Otters weigh 15-30 pounds and live to 12 years old, They and are skilled swimmers. When they aren’t playing in the water or mud, you will find them marking their territory with urine, feces, scent glands, and scratch marks on trees. Females give birth to one to six pups in a den dug into the bank of a body of water or a hollow log. When they are two months old, the mother otter pushes her pups into the water where they quickly learn to swim. Fun Fact: River Otters can hold their breath for 8 minutes. Photo Credit: Paul Waller

Yellow-crowned Night-Herons, Nyctanassa violacea, with their purplish-gray body, black-and-white face, and striking yellow plumes can be found in wet fields or shallow wetlands. They may be seen foraging any time during the day or night. You will most often discover this bird alone, although, at times, they may appear in groups. Watch as they stand still or walk slowly with their necks extended in search of their favorite dinner of crustaceans. They may also eat frogs, small fish mussels, and water beetles. Keep a keen eye out for this hard-to-find bird. While they are most common in barrier islands, coastal marshes, and mangroves, you may also find them inland near rivers, on golf courses, or even in your wet yard. Yellow-crowned Night-Herons have been around for a long time. The oldest recorded fossil was discovered in Sarasota, Florida, and is 2–2.5 million years old. Sadly, the Yellow-crowned Night-Heron has been designated a Species of Concern by Florida Rare and Endangered Plants and Animals.

National Key Dear Refuge Established in 1957 to protect and preserve in the national interest the Key deer and other wildlife resources, the 9,200-acre National Key Dear Refuge consists of salt marsh wetlands, mangrove forests, freshwater wetlands, pine rockland forests, and tropical hardwood hammocks. Twenty-three endangered and/or threatened animals and plants live in the refuge. National Key Dear Refuge is surrounded by saltwater and easily accessible on Big Pine Key. Because of karst bedrock, freshwater is stored in the bedrock’s holes and crevices. This freshwater is necessary for Key Deer and other plant and animal species to thrive. Visiting National Key Dear Refuge on Big Pine Key: Drive the Speed Limit. Key Deer and other wildlife share the roads with you. Be sure to stop at the Visitor Center to learn about how to avoid poisonwood trees and stay safe on a trail where you may encounter snakes and alligators. Saunter along the trails at The Blue Hole. https://www.imagineourflorida.org/blue-hole/ Discover endangered Bartram’s scrub hairstreak butterflies, endangered Lower Keys marsh rabbits, and the endangered Key Deer. https://www.imagineourflorida.org/key-deer/ There are 40 species of reptiles, including alligators and crocodiles, waiting to be discovered. Look for over 250 migratory and resident bird species, including the rarely seen Mangrove Cuckoo. Snakes, including the threatened Eastern Indigo call the refuge home. Leashed dogs are welcome. Learn more here: https://www.fws.gov/refuge/National_Key_Deer_Refuge/ Photo credit: Dan Kon, Nancy Kon, Christian Kon

White Peacocks, Anartia jatrophae, are common butterflies found on roadsides, near the edges of ponds and wetlands, and in fields and parks with low growing vegetation. They can be seen year-round flying low to the ground where their favorite low-growing nectar plants thrive. White Peacocks lay a single egg on or near a host plant such as frogfruit or water hyssop. They live for about 4 months and their wingspan reaches 2 – 2.75 inches. Photo Credit: Andy Waldo and Aymee Laurain

Eastern Indigo Snake Snakes! There are few animals that evoke the kind of emotions in people that snakes do. Some love them. Some hate them. Some are indifferent to them. Despite how you may feel about snakes, they play an important role in the ecosystems they inhabit. Allow me to introduce you to the Eastern Indigo, Drymarchon couperi. The eastern indigo is the largest snake species in North America. Males can reach a length of 8.5 feet and up to 11 pounds (Females stay smaller, rarely larger than 6 feet)! The genus name Drymarchon translates to “forest ruler” and this species most certainly fits that bill! They are heavy-bodied snakes with beautiful, iridescent black bodies. They often have some coloration on their chin, either white or red, but can also be solid black. Eastern indigo snakes can be found throughout Florida, the coastal plain of southern Georgia, and extreme south Alabama. Their historic range also extended into extreme southeast Mississippi but they have been extirpated from there. In Alabama, they have been reintroduced to the forests as part of an ongoing effort to recover this species (More on that in an exciting upcoming post). The panhandle population has also experienced an extreme reduction in numbers and efforts are underway to restore the population in those areas too. The eastern indigo feeds on just about anything it can swallow. Mammals, birds, turtles, amphibians, fish, and even other snakes make up the average diet of this species. The indigo is not a constrictor. They kill their prey by overpowering them with their superior size and strong jaws, swallowing prey headfirst. Because of their preference for eating snakes, including venomous species, many people have left this species alone rather than removing them. Eastern Indigos are big snakes. And big snakes lay big eggs! When a female lays a group of eggs, that group is called a clutch. The average clutch size is 7 eggs but can be as large as 12 eggs. The indigo mates from October through February. Eggs are laid in May or June with hatchlings emerging in August and September. Little is known about egg sites for wild indigos but it is suspected the areas near gopher tortoise burrows are used. This big snake needs big room. Scientists tracking wild indigos have found that their home range can be as large as 3,000 acres! This makes it clear that one of the biggest threats is to this species. They need space and lots of it! The Eastern indigo is a threatened species across its entire range. One of the main reasons for their decline is the decline of the longleaf pine ecosystem. As the longleaf pine ecosystem was logged, fragmented, and altered by fire suppression, the animals that rely on it also declined. Gopher tortoises are important to many species, including indigo snakes. Indigos seek shelter in the burrows of the gopher tortoise and as tortoise populations have fallen, so has the indigo population. Photo Credit: Dan Kon, Nancy Kon, Andy Waldo Images captured at the Orianne Center for Indigo Conservation

Cloudless Sulpher Cloudless sulfurs, (Phoebis sennae), live in Florida year-round. These beautiful, bright yellow butterflies are hard to miss with their wingspans of 2 – 3 inches. Look for them in sunny, open areas such as along roadsides and in pastures, fields, and meadows. Cloudless Sulfurs can be seen in large numbers during the fall migration season. Many spend their winters in Florida south of Gainesville. Nectar plants include red morning-glories, scarlet creeper, and cypress vine, scarlet sage, and Salvia. Cloudless Sulfurs prefer various species in the pea family as host plants where females lay a single egg.

Least Tern I was able to get out today and visit a Least Tern Colony. Watching these amazing parents nesting, sitting on eggs, and caring for their newborn chicks is very interesting indeed. They actively defend their nesting areas and will let you know if you get too close in short order! They will scream and dive at you even pecking you in the head should you not pay heed to their warnings! The Least Tern is Florida’s smallest Tern. It’s a spring/summer visitor. They are often seen flying low over the water, with quick deep wingbeats and shrill cries. These Terns usually hover before plunging into water for tiny prey and do more hovering than most terns. Populations are endangered in many areas because of human impacts on nesting areas, especially competition for use of beaches. Least Terns are listed as Threatened in the State of Florida. For Tern parents, it’s tough raising chicks on a beach with development, people, dogs, feral cats, raccoons, fox, predatory birds, and broiling hot sun. Least Terns in some parts of the east including Florida are now nesting successfully on gravel roofs near the coast. This particular colony is the only known beach-nesting colony in SE Florida. The parents need to protect the chicks and feed them constantly while getting enough nutrition for themselves. Least Terns are great providers and amazing parents! ~Paul Waller Note: All shots were taken from a responsible distance with a long lens Photo credit: Paul Waller

Lake Lily, located in Maitland, is a 10-acre park with a 1/2 mile walking trail around the Lake. Saunter near the lake as you watch for limpkins, green herons, ibises, and a variety of ducks. Sit on one of the many benches and watch squirrels who will keep you smiling with their jumping skills. Listen for birds of prey, crows, and a variety of songbirds. Lake Lily is open from 8 am until Sunset most days. There is a playground for the kids, a rentable wedding gazebo, and restrooms. Your leashed dog is welcome to enjoy the day with you. For more information: https://maitland.recdesk.com/Community/Facility/Detail… Photo credit: Dan Kon

Collier-Seminole State Park, located in Naples, is a 7,271-acre park that offers the opportunity to explore part of the Great Mangrove Swamp of South Florida and an original stand of royal palms. Discover wildlife and wildflowers like those in the Everglades. Learn about the Bay City Walking Dredge No. 489, a mechanical engineering marvel that walked forward as it dredged limestone to create a road from Tampa0 to Miami. Collier-Seminole State Park has four wonderful nature trails ranging from less than a mile on the Royal Palm Hammock Nature Trail to the 5.25 mile Strand Swamp Trail. Discover the plants and animals, many imperiled, that live in the park. The park is designated a Great Florida Birding and Wildlife Trail so be sure to bring your camera/binoculars. Launch your canoe or kayak at the ADA accessible launch. Explore the Blackwater River on the 13.5-mile canoe trail. As you paddle through the mangroves to Blackwater Bay, look for crocodiles, alligators, otters, manatees, and a variety of wading birds. Primitive camping sites and campsites for your RV and tents are available. There are bike trails, two pavilions, picnic tables, and a playground for your enjoyment. Leashed pets are welcome. For more information: https://www.floridastateparks.org/…/collier-seminole-state-… Photo Credit: Ileana Rodriguez

Heavenly or Sacred Bamboo, Nandina domestica, is not very heavenly in Florida. It is native to Asia, introduced in the US, and can be found in forests and hammocks throughout Florida. Heavenly Bamboo is not bamboo. It is a shrub that grows to about 7 feet tall. Reproduction may occur through vegetative regeneration, however, it is known to reproduce through seed dispersal. Red berries appeal to birds and other animals. The tiny white flowers and bright red berries appear harmless. Heavenly Bamboo is poisonous to some animals. Cyanogenic glycosides can be found in the foliage and the fruit. The shrub is a species of concern because it may compete with understory plants and threaten several of Florida’s endangered wildflowers. If you have this plant in your yard, IOF recommends you remove it. Protect wildlife and ecosystems when you replace Heavenly Bamboo with one of Florida’s native shrubs. For more information: https://www.fs.fed.us/datab…/…/plants/shrub/nandom/all.html…

The Blue Hole in the National Key Deer Refuge Located on Big Pine Key, the Blue Hole offers a short trail and observation deck where you can immerse yourself in nature. The Blue Hole is a large sinkhole. The sinkhole became a quarry and the limestone was used to construct roads in The Keys as well as Henry Flagler’s Oversea Railroad. After being included in the National Key Deer Refuge, the Blue Hole was replanted with native vegetation and returned to nature. The water in the blue hole is a freshwater lens. This means that freshwater from rainwater floats on top of the saltwater that lies underneath. The Blue Hole provides a unique ecosystem for the wild plants and wildlife that thrive there. The Blue Hole is included in the Florida Keys Birding and Wildlife Trail. Look for Key Deer, fish, alligators, turtles, iguanas, and a variety of birds (including wading birds), and snakes. Sea level rise is an immediate threat to the Blue Hole. Lying only 3 to 6 feet above sea level, freshwater in wetlands in the Keys will become brackish or saltwater habitats if the sea level continues to rise. Mud turtles, marsh rabbits, and endangered Key Deer will be impacted by the loss of freshwater. When we make choices that protect our planet from climate change, we ultimately are protecting Florida and all of its inhabitants. Photo credit: Dan Kon, Christian Kon